English is a very phunny language

How did we let our English teachers get away without explaining all this??
1. Why is put pronounced differently than cut, rut, gut, hut, nut?
2. Why is go, so, no different from to, do?
3. How can know and no sound same and Why doesnt know and snow sound similar to now?
4. Why does tough and rough have f sound wheras though and dough dont?
5. Why do we have to use ph when we have a letter f?
6. How can read have two pronunciations? why cant you write past tense read as red or write the present tense read as reed?
7. Why does while need h but wide doesnt?
8. Why does I need a plural verb? and if so, why is it I was and not I were?
9. what is the right pronunciation of vase?
10. Why does dove (as in the bird) and dove (as in verb) have different pronunciation?

And i wonder how grown manage to learn this language?